Àΰ£ Áٱ⼼Æ÷ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ 20³â
¡á 20³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ȹ±âÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹ßÀü µ¹¾Æº¸±â
Áٱ⼼Æ÷´Â °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷ ºÐÈ¿Í ¼ºÀå, Àå±â ¹ß´Þ, Áúº´ ¸ðµ¨¸µ¿¡ °üÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï À¯¿ë¼ºÀÌ È®ÀåµÇ¸é¼ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ¹ß°ß°ú Ä¡·á¹ý °³¹ßÀÇ ÃÖÀü¼±À¸·Î ¶°¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½ÅÁø ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ °áÄÚ »ç¼ÒÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Àΰ£ ¹è¾Æ Áٱ⼼Æ÷ (human embryonic stem cells, hESCs)°¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ¿¬±¸µÈ Áö ºÒ°ú 20³â¹Û¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ß°ß¿¡¼ ¾à¹°°³¹ß°ú ÀÓ»ó ½ÃÇè¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ºü¸£°Ô ±â¼úÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù.
¡á 1998
1990³â´ë ÈĹÝÀº Àΰ£ blastocysts·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸´É ¹è¾ÆÁٱ⼼Æ÷ÁÖ¸¦ ÃÖÃÊ·Î °³¹ßÇÑ ½Ã±âÀ̸ç, Áß¿äÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¿¾ú´Ù (Thomson et al. 1998). ÀÌ 5°³ÀÇ original hESCÁÖ´Â »ý½Ä¼¼Æ÷ ¹ß´Þ ´É·Âµµ À¯ÁöÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
in vitro¿¡¼ Àå±â°£ ¹ÌºÐÈ Áõ½ÄÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ºñÀΰ£ À¯·¡ ESÁÖ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, Áö±ÝÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº Àΰ£ ƯÀÌÀûÀÎ ÀÓ»ó Àû¿ë¿¡ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹ß´Þ°ú ±â´ÉÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¡á 2000
±× ÃÖÃÊÀÇ hESCÁÖ´Â ³Î¸® ºÐ¾çµÇ¾ú°í, 2³â °£ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ¹è¾ÆÃþÀ¸·Î
in vitroºÐȶó´Â »õ·Î¿î ÀÌÁ¤Ç¥°¡ ź»ýÇß´Ù (Itskovitz-Eldor et al. 2000). ÀúÀÚµéÀº Á¶Ç÷ ¼¼Æ÷, ½É±Ù ¼¼Æ÷, ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷ ¹× ³»¹è¿± ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ À¯ÇüÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÀûÀÎ ¸¶Ä¿ÀÇ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â ¹ßÇöÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¹è¾Æü·Î ES ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ºÐȽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇØ´ç ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ monolayer·Î ¹è¾çÇßÀ» ¶§ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅÂ¿Í ±â´ÉÀ» ¸ÃÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» º¸À̱⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
¡á 2002
ÀÌÀü ¿¬±¸µéÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀº hESCÀÇ ´ÙÁß°èÅë ºÐÈ´ÉÀ» Á¶»çÇϴµ¥ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ºÒ°ú 2³â ÈÄ, ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß°¡ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾î
in vivo ¿Í
in vitro ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ À¯ÇüÀ¸·Î hESCÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ºÐÈ(specific differentiation)¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ´ç½Ã¿¡ ½ÉÀå ¹× ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ ¿Ü¿¡µµ Á¶Ç÷ Àü±¸Ã¼ ¹× ÃéÀ弶 À¯»ç¼¼Æ÷ µîÀÇ ºÐȹýÀÌ Ã³À½ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù (Ludwig and Thomson 2004).
¡á 2007
hESC¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ü½É°ú ¿¬±¸´Â ¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡°Ô Àΰ£ ü¼¼Æ÷°¡ ´ÙºÐÈ´ÉÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±â´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ¸®ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´Ü¼¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù (Takahashi et al. 2007; Yu et al. 2007; Park et al. 2008). ÀÌÈÄ °³¹ßµÈ Àΰ£ À¯µµ¸¸´É Áٱ⼼Æ÷ (human induced pluripotent stem cells, hiPSCs)´Â ÇüÅÂ, À¯ÀüÀÚ ¹ßÇö ¹× Áõ½ÄÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇØ º»ÁúÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀÌ hESC¿Í À¯»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀº ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ ¼ºÀÎÀÇ ºÐÈµÈ ¼¼Æ÷·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ¾à¹° °³¹ß ¹× ȯÀÚ ¸ÂÃãÇü »ùÇÃÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Áúº´ ¸ðµ¨¸µÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½Ã»çÇß´Ù.
¡á 2008
ÀÌÀüÀÇ Ã¼¼¼Æ÷ ¸®ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀº hiPSC¸¦ »ý»êÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¼¶À¯¾Æ¼¼Æ÷(fibroblasts)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´°í, ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ´õ ½±°Ô ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´õ ³ôÀº È¿À²ÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» µµÀÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼¼Æ÷ À¯ÇüÀ» ã±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. hiPSCÀÇ Ã¹ »ý»êÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 1³â ¸¸¿¡, ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº Àΰ£ °¢ÁúÇü¼º¼¼Æ÷(keratinocytes)¿¡¼ÀÇ hiPSC À¯µµ¸¦ º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù (Aasen et al. 2008; Maherali et al. 2008). ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù 2¹è ºü¸£¸é¼ 100¹è ÀÌ»ó È¿À²ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´õ ÁÁÀº Á¡Àº ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ »ç¶÷ ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô¿¡¼µµ hiPSC °¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. 2010³â¿¡ Ç÷¾× ÀºÇà¿¡ º¸°üµÈ ³Ãµ¿ ȯÀÚ »ùÇÃÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸»ÃÊÇ÷¾×(peripheral blood cells)ÀÇ ¸®ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀÛ ¹°Áú¿¡ ´õ ½±°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù (Staerk et al. 2010; Loh et al. 2010).
¡á ¹ßÀü: 2018 ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ
Á¶Á÷ »ý¼º ¹× Àΰ£ ¹ß»ýÇÐÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Áú¹®ºÎÅÍ Áúº´ ¸ðµ¨¸µ ¹× Àç»ý ÀÇÇаú °°ÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ °Ç°¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ÀÀ¿ë ºÐ¾ß¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â ÃâÆǹ°ÀÌ ´Ã¾î³ª¸é¼ ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß´Â ºü¸£°Ô ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 20³â Àü 5°³ÀÇ hESCÁÖ·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¼ö¹é °³ÀÇ hESCÁÖ¿Í ¼öõ °³ÀÇ hiPSCÁÖ·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿´´Ù (Ludwig et al. 2018). 2008³â ÀÌÈÄ ÅõÀÚ Áõ°¡·Î ÀÎÇØ ±âÃÊ, Áß°³ÀÇÇÐ ¹× ÀÓ»ó ¿¬±¸¿¡ È°·ÂÀÌ »ý°å°í
Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Àç»ýÀÇÇÐ ¿¬±¸¼Ò (California Institute for Regenerative Medicine)´Â 2018³â 12¿ù¿¡ 50¹ø° ÀÓ»ó ½ÇÇè¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ±Ý Áö¿øÀ» ½ÂÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ƯÈ÷ 2010³â¿¡
ô¼ö ¼Õ»óÀ» Ä¡·áÇϱâ À§ÇØ hESC À¯·¡ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÀÓ»ó½ÃÇèÀÌ ½ÃÀÛµÇ¾î ¾ÈÀü¼º°ú À¯È¿¼º Ãø¸é¿¡¼ À¯¸ÁÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¸ç
´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°è·Î ÁøÇàÁßÀÎ °ü·Ã ½ÃÇèÀÇ Åä´ë°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¬±¸ °á°ú°¡ ³ª¿Ã ¶§¸¶´Ù ±×°ÍµéÀ» Åä´ë·Î »õ·Î¿î ±Ã±ÝÁõ°ú È°¿ë¹æ¾È µî ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¥ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ °è¼ÓÇؼ »ý±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áö³ 20³âÀ» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ºÃÀ» ¶§, Áٱ⼼Æ÷ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¹Ì·¡´Â °è¼ÓÇؼ ³Ð°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀ¸·Î ºü¸£°Ô ÁøÇàµÇ´Â ¿¬±¸ºÐ¾ß°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡á References
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Itskovitz-Eldor, J. et al. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies comprising the three embryonic germ layers. Mol. Med. 6, 88-95 (2000).
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Ludwig, T. and Thomson, J.A. Current progress in human embryonic stem cell research. In Monitoring Szem Cell Research, A Report of the President's Council on Bioethics (Diane Pub Co), 279-294 (2004).
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Staerk, J. et al. Reprogramming of peripheral blood cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 7, 20-24 (2010).
Takahashi, K. et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861-872 (2007).
Thomson, J. A. et al. Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts. Science 282, 1145-1147 (1998).
Yu, J. et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 318, 1917-1920 (2007).