Efficient nonviral T-cell engineering: CRISPR takes a giant step towards the clinic
The promise of CRISPR for T-cell engineering
¼ö³â µ¿¾È ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº À¯ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶ÀÛµÈ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¾Ï ¸é¿ª Ä¡·á¹ý, À¯Àü ÁúȯÀÇ ±³Á¤, º´¿øü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¼º ºÎ¿© µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇØ¿Ô´Ù (
±×¸² 1). CRISPR/Cas9À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁý ±â¼úÀÇ ¹ß´Þ·Î T ¼¼Æ÷ ±³Á¤¿¡ À̸¦ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, dsDNA¸¦ electroporationÇÏ¿© Àü´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î DNA ¼¿ÀÌ ³¢¾îµé¾î°¡°Å³ª, ¼¼Æ÷ µ¶¼ºÀ» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº HDR (Homology-directed repair) template¸¦ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º·Î Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ±¹ÇѵǾî ÀÖ´Ù.
Alexander Marson ±³¼ö ¿¬±¸ÆÀÀÌ
Nature ÇмúÁö¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ È¹±âÀûÀÎ ³í¹®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, T ¼¼Æ÷ ±³Á¤¿¡¼ Cas9-sgRNAÀÇ RNP (ribonucleoprotein) º¹ÇÕü¸¦ HDR template (dsDNA, ssDNA ÇüÅÂ)¿Í ÇÔ²² electroporationÇÏ¸é ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ µµÀÔ ¾øÀ̵µ ¼¼Æ÷ µ¶¼ºÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°íÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â Èñ±ÍÇÑ ´ÜÀÏ À¯ÀüÀÚ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ Áúȯ (monogenic disorder)À» ¾Î°í ÀÖ´Â ÀڸŷκÎÅÍ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ȹµæÇÏ¿© ¸é¿ª°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â µ¹¿¬º¯À̸¦ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ±³Á¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¾Ï ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Ÿ°Ù ÇÏ´Â
in vitro, in vivo ¸ðµ¨À» Á¦ÀÛÇß´Ù.
±×¸² 1. T ¼¼Æ÷ ±â¹Ý Ä¡·á °úÁ¤
Overcoming the technical limitations
º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â Cas9-gRNA·Î ÀÎÇØ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â double strand DNA breakage ºÎÀ§¿Í ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Âhomology-directed repair (HDR) DNA template¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, ¸ñÀû insert ¼¿ÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ ºÎÀ§¿¡ »ðÀԵǵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ knock-in (KI) ¹æ½ÄÀ» È®¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù (
±×¸² 2). ±âÁ¸¿¡´Â dsDNA¸¦ electroporation ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î À¯µµÇÏ¸é ¼¼Æ÷ µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⿡, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀçÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ÇØ¿Ô´ø ¹Ý¸é, Roth
et al.,ÀÇ ³í¹®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Cas9-gRNA¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â RNP ¹æ½ÄÀ» HDR template¿Í ÇÔ²² electroporationÇϸé ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ µ¶¼ºÀÌ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô ³·¾ÆÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ È®ÀεǾú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ HDR template ÇüÅ¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼º´ÉÀ» ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§, dsDNAº¸´Ù ssDNA¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿ë·®¿¡¼µµ ´õ ³ôÀº ¼¼Æ÷ »ýÁ¸´É·ÂÀ» º¸¿´À» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, off-targetÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ̳ª »ðÀÔ ¿À·ùµµ ÇöÀúÈ÷ ³·À½À» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù.
Similar to what has been described with viral HDR templates, we found evidence to suggest that double-stranded templates could integrate independent of target homology, albeit at low rates. These rare events could be reduced almost completely by using single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) templates.¡±
-Roth et al. 2018
±×¸² 2. T cell ±³Á¤ °úÁ¤°ú application
The method developed by Roth
et al., 2018 involves electroporation of Cas9-gRNA RNPs in tandem with linear dsDNA or ssDNA, which provides a template for homology-directed repair (HDR) following site-specific Cas9-mediated cleavage. Bottom. The authors employed their method to insert fluorescent protein tags, to engineer single-nucleotide substitutions, and to replace entire gene sequences.
º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â KI ¼º´ÉÀ» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ ´Ù¾çÇÑ loci¿¡ Çü±¤ ´Ü¹éÁú ¼¿À» »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© À̸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ 50% ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ðÀÔ È¿À²À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´À» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÃÖ´ë 3°³ÀÇ loci¿¡¼ µ¿½Ã¿¡ biallelicÇÏ°Ô »ðÀԵǾúÀ¸¸ç, ´ÙÁß À¯ÀüÀÚ »ðÀÔ¿¡µµ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´À½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (
Ç¥ 1, ±×¸² 3). ÀÌÈÄ »õ·Î ÇÕ¼ºµÈ Çü±¤ ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ À¶ÇÕ ´Ü¹éÁú¿¡ ±¹¼ÒÈ, ±â´É, ¹ßÇö Á¶Àý¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡ ºÐ¼® ¶ÇÇÑ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¼¼Æ÷ À¯Çü |
Æò±Õ Knock-in È¿À² |
Æò±Õ ¼¼Æ÷ »ýÁ¸·Â |
CD4 + |
33.7 % |
68.6 % |
CD8 + |
40.3 % |
Ç¥ 1. Rab11A locus¿¡ »ðÀÔµÈ GFPÀÇ È®ÀÎ ¹× KI ÈÄÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷ »ýÁ¸ ´É·Â
±×¸² 3. KIÀ» ÅëÇØ BialleicÇϰųª ´ÙÁßÀ¸·Î »ðÀÔµÈ Çü±¤ ´Ü¹éÁú È®ÀÎ
Making strides for clinical applications
º» ³í¹® ÀúÀÚ°¡ È®ÀÎÇÑ KI ¹æ½ÄÀÇ Ä¡·á °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÀÔÁõÇϱâ À§ÇØ, Èñ±ÍÇÑ ´ÜÀÏ À¯ÀüÀÚ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ Áúȯ (monogenic disorder)À» ¾Î°í ÀÖ´Â 3¸íÀÇ ÀڸŷκÎÅÍ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ȹµæÇÏ¿© IL-2¥á ¼ö¿ëü (
IL2RA)¸¦ ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ µÎ allele ³» µ¹¿¬º¯À̸¦ ±³Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. HDR template¿Í °áÇÕÇÑ RNP complex¸¦ electroporationÇÑ ÈÄ, »ó´ç¼öÀÇ ¸ñÀû ¼¼Æ÷ Ç¥¸é¿¡¼ IL-2¥á ¹ßÇöÀÌ È¸º¹µÇ¾úÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÈÄ¼Ó ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇØ IL-2¥á¿¡¼ ¸Å°³µÇ´Â ½ÅÈ£ Àü´Þ ¶ÇÇÑ È®ÀεǾú´Ù. º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â 3¸íÀÇ ÀÚ¸ÅÀÇ Áúº´ Ä¡·á¸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ±³Á¤µÈ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Åõ¿©ÇÒ °èȹÀ̶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù.
º´¿ø¼º µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ±³Á¤ ¿Ü¿¡µµ, º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â KIÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¾Ï ¸é¿ª Ä¡·áÁ¦¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. NY-ESO-1 Á¾¾ç Ç׿øÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ´Â TCRÀÌ ¹ßÇöµÇµµ·Ï, ³»Àμº TCR-¥á ¼¿À» TCR-¥á/¥â·Î ´ëüÇÏ´Â HDF template¸¦ µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. NY-ECO-1+ Èæ»öÁ¾ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÇϵµ·Ï T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ±³Á¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇßÀ» ¶§
In vitro »ó¿¡¼ retrovirus¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °Í°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î °·ÂÇÑ T ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ È°¼º°ú ¾Ï ¼¼Æ÷°¡ Á¦°ÅµÈ °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº Adoptive cell therapy¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¾çÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ, 6¸íÀÇ °Ç°ÇÑ °ø¿©ÀڷκÎÅÍ ¼ö¹é¸¸°³ÀÇ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ electroporationÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ, ±³Á¤µÈ T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Èæ»öÁ¾À» °¡Áö´Â ¸¶¿ì½º ½ÇÇè ¸ðµ¨¿¡ Åõ¿©ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¾¾ç ºÎÀ§¸¦ ±¹¼ÒÈÇÏ°í, Á¾¾ç Áõ½ÄÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÔÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´°í, Lentivirus¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ Á¶ÀÛµÈ T ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ºñ±³ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ KIÀ¸·Î ±³Á¤µÈ T ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼µµ ¼º´ÉÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×¸² 4. ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Ç¥ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â T ¼¼Æ÷ Ç׿ø ƯÀ̼ºÀÇ reprogramming °úÁ¤
Using their method, the authors swapped in sequences encoding a TCR specific to the NY-ESO-1 antigen at the TCRa locus. The authors then demonstrated that the engineered T cells successfully targeted NY-ESO-1+ cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse model.
Looking forward
¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â T ¼¼Æ÷ reprogramming ¹æ¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÀº ÀÓ»ó Àû¿ë¿¡ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼Ö·ç¼ÇÀ» °í¾ÈÇßÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, T ¼¼Æ÷ ±³Á¤¿¡ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ½Ã°£À» ¼ö°³¿ù ȤÀº ¼ö³â¿¡¼ ¸î ÁÖ·Î ´ÜÃàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºñ¿ë°ú °³¹ß ¼Óµµ¸¦ °¡¼ÓÈÇÏ°í Ä¡·áÁ¦ °³¹ß °¡´É¼ºÀ» È®ÀåÇß´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ È®ÀÎµÈ Cas9°ú HDR template ºñÀ², electroporationÀÇ Á¶°Ç ÃÖÀûÈ µîÀº ÇâÈÄ ¼ö³âµ¿¾È ¿©·¯ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ Å« µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÈ´Ù.
[¿ø¹®] Efficient nonviral T-cell engineering: CRISPR takes a giant step towards the clinic
[Âü°í¹®Çå]
- Roth, T.L
et al., Reprogramming human T cell function and specificity with non-viral genome targeting.
Nat. Lett. 559, 405-409 (2018).