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Home > ÀüÁ¦Ç°º¸±â > Genome Editing > Overivew > [Cancer Research] Gene editing

[Cancer Research] Gene editing

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Performing a phenotypic screen using the Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library System

ÃÖ±Ù, CRISPR/Cas9À» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ Whole genome sequencing (WGS)ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ È®ÀεǸ鼭, ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº °ü½ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀû °æ·Î¿¡ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ºü¸£°Ô ½Äº°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. RNAi¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ knockdown°ú °°Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ºñÇØ CRISPR/Cas9À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ºÅ©¸®´×Àº º¸´Ù È®½ÇÇÑ knockoutÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸ñÀû ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÇüÀ» ´õ ½±°Ô °ËÃâÇÏ°í ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ È¿°ú¸¦ ±Ø´ëÈ­Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â, »ç¿ëÇϱâ Æí¸®ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ Àΰ£ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ genome-wide phenotypic ½ºÅ©¸®´×¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÄ«¶ó¹ÙÀÌ¿À¿¡¼­´Â ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ sgRNA library¿Í Lentivirus systemÀ» Á¢¸ñÇÏ¿© Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library System¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Library design features
Guide it¢â CRISPR/Cas9À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÇü ½ºÅ©¸®´×Àº »õ·Î¿î À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ½Äº°Çϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î, ±× È¿À²À» Á¿ìÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦Ç° ³»¿¡´Â ÃÖÀûÈ­µÈ sgRNA°¡ library ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦°øµÉ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó plasmid library ÁõÆøÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ­, Lentiviral packaging, ¸ñÀû ¼¼Æ÷·ÎÀÇ °¨¿° °úÁ¤±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
º» Library´Â 19,000°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú ÄÚµù À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÀ¸·Î, °¢ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â sgRNA°¡ 4°³¾¿, Áï ÃÑ 76,000°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ sgRNA·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù (Doench et al. 2016). ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ sgRNA¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ library¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö´Â ÀÖÀ¸³ª, sgRNAÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ¸¹¾ÆÁö¸é ÁõÆø °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀçÇö¼ºÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î multiple plasmid amplification, Lentiviral packaging, target-cell transduction stepÀ» ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ library¿¡¼­´Â ÆíÇ⼺ÀÌ ³ô°Å³ª sgRNA ÀçÇö¼ºÀÌ ³·Àº °æ¿ì¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
´ç»çÀÇ Library´Â Brunello library (Doench et al. 2016)¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÏ¿©, ´Ù¸¥ libraryº¸´Ù À¯»çÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ off-target effect°¡ ³·°í, ¸ñÀû À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯À̼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº sgRNA¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
½ºÅ©¸®´× °úÁ¤Àº ¾î¶² ¼º´ÉÀÇ Library¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â Áö°¡ sgRNAÀÇ ÀçÇö¼ºÀ» Á¿ìÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ Library´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ sgRNA°¡ ¸ðµÎ Á¤È®È÷ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¾çÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ´Â sgRNA ÇÕ¼º°ú plasmid library ÁõÆø °úÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ´ÙÄ«¶ó¹ÙÀÌ¿À´Â ¼ö½Ê³â °£ ³ëÇϿ츦 ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î cDNA library¸¦ ÇÕ¼ºÇÏ°í ÁõÆøÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤À» ÃÖÀûÈ­ÇÏ¿©, Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library System ³» sgRNA library¸¦ ±²ÀåÈ÷ À¯»çÇÑ Á¤µµ·Î ÇÕ¼ºÇÏ°í ÁõÆøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¢ lotÀÇ library ³» ¸ðµç sgRNAÀÇ 90% ÀÌ»óÀÌ 10¹è À̳»ÀÇ ºÐÆ÷ ¹üÀ§¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÔÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 1, Panel A).
º» Á¦Ç°Àº Lentivirus »ý»ê°ú ¸ñÀû ¼¼Æ÷·ÎÀÇ °¨¿°À» °£¼ÒÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼Õ½¬¿î ÇüÅ·Πlibrary¸¦ Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ ÇüÁú µµÀÔµÈ ¸ñÀû ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ sgRNA°¡ Àß ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 1, Panel B).


±×¸² 1. Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library SystemÀÇ sgRNA ÀçÇö¼º È®ÀÎ
(Panel A) sgRNA representation in the starting plasmid population. The Brunello-based sgRNA library was cloned into the pLVXS-sgRNA-mCherry-hyg Vector and amplified. Representation of the sgRNAs within the plasmid DNA was verified by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Bars represent the number of sgRNAs detected at a given read count within the population. (´õ ¸¹Àº sgRNA representation data¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϽ÷Á¸é Ŭ¸¯Çϼ¼¿ä)
(Panel B) The correlation between read counts of each integrated sgRNA for the transduced cell population relative to read counts of the corresponding sgRNA for the starting plasmid population. These data show strong Spearman and Pearson correlations, indicating that the Guide-it CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library System allows for sgRNA representation to be maintained throughout transduction and selection of the target cell population.

Optimized lentiviral sgRNA library vector and sgRNA scaffold design for high editing efficiency
º» Á¦Ç°ÀÇ sgRNA library vector·Î´Â pLVXS-sgRNA-mCherry-hygÀÌ »ç¿ë µÇ¾ú°í, ¼º´É°ú ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» ¸ðµÎ °í·ÁÇÏ¿© ÃÖÀûÈ­Çß´Ù (±×¸² 2, Panel A). »ç¿ëµÈ Lentiviral vector´Â Cas9°ú sgRNA¸¦ °¨¿° ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ °¢°¢ puromycin°ú hygromycin·Î ¼±º° ¹è¾çÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. sgRNA library vector´Â mCherry ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» Çü±¤ ¸®Æ÷ÅÍ·Î ¹ßÇöÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î, Çü±¤ Çö¹Ì°æ¿¡¼­ ¹Ù·Î µµÀÔ ¿©ºÎ¸¦ ÆǺ°ÇÏ°í ¿ª°¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Cas9À» ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ¿¡ sgRNA library¸¦ µµÀÔÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÃÖÀûÀÇ MOI (multiplicity-of-infection)¸¦ º¸´Ù ½±°Ô °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù (±×¸² 3). MOI´Â °¢ Cas9 ¹ßÇö ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇϳªÀÇ sgRNA¸¦ ¹ßÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Á¶ÀýÇØ¾ß Çϱ⿡ ¾ÆÁÖ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
pLVXS-sgRNA-mCherry-hyg³»ÀÇ sgRNA scaffold´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁý È¿À²À» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ÃÖÀûÈ­µÈ ¼­¿­·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç (±×¸² 2, Panel B), sgRNA¿Í Cas9 endonuclease °£ÀÇ Ä£È­·ÂÀ» ±Ø´ëÈ­ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µðÀÚÀεǾú´Ù (Chen et al. 2013). Cas9°ú sgRNA vector´Â ¸ðµÎ ´ÙÄ«¶ó¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÀÇ Lenti-X¢â Packaging Single Shots°ú Xfect¢â Transfection Reagent¿Í premixµÇ¾î µ¿°á °ÇÁ¶ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦°øµÇ¸ç, ¹°À» Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© Lenti-X¢â 293T Producer Cell Line¿¡ ÷°¡ÇÏ´Â °Í ¸¸À¸·Î transfectionÀ» À§ÇÑ Áغñ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¿Ï·áµÈ´Ù.


±×¸² 2. Guide-it¢â CRISPR sgRNA library¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ vector¿Í sgRNA scaffold
(Panel A) pLVXS-EF1a-Cas9-PGK-Puro and pLVXS-sgRNA-mCherry-hyg vector maps showing the lentiviral vector backbone. The vectors are self-inactivating for increased safety during production and use. The pLVXS-sgRNA-mCherry-hyg vector contains both mCherry and hygromycin markers expressed from an IRES-linked bicistronic expression cassette.
(Panel B) The sgRNAs, derived from the Brunello library, are expressed from the human U6 promoter and use an optimized scaffold sequence for better Cas9 loading and editing efficiency.


±×¸² 3. mCherry ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» Çü±¤ ¸®Æ÷ÅÍ·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ sgRNA library LentivirusÀÇ µµÀÔ È¿À² È®ÀÎ
sgRNA Library-containing lentivirus was produced following the instructions in the user manual: water was added to a tube of sgRNA Library Transfection Mix, vortexed, incubated for 10 min and then added to the provided Lenti-X 293T cells. Lentivirus was harvested after 48 hours and used to transduce Cas9-expressing A375 cells at varying MOIs. Transduced cells were plated and analyzed for transduction efficiency by fluorescence microscopy after 48 hours.

Results - Editing activity of the Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library in randomly selected clones
´ç»çÀÇ sgRNA library systemÀÇ ÆíÁý È¿À²À» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ, Èæ»öÁ¾ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÎ A375 ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ Cas9°ú sgRNA library¸¦ ÇüÁú µµÀÔÇÏ¿©, ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î 20Á¾ÀÇ cloneÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¢ CloneÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ sgRNA¸¦ ÁõÆøÇÏ¿© ¼­¿­À» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ÈÄ, sgRNA°¡ Ÿ°ÙÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ sgRNA primer¸¦ µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 4, Panel A). ÆíÁý È¿À²Àº Resolvase¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ Guide-it¢â Mutation Detection KitÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 4, Panel B). ¸ðµç °³Ã¼¿¡¼­ Àý´ÜµÈ °ÍÀÌ È®ÀεǾúÀ¸¸ç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ ÆíÁý µÇ¾úÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ clone¿¡¼­ È®ÀÎµÈ sgRNA´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ plasmid sgRNA pool°ú ÇüÁú µµÀÔµÈ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ gDNA·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ correlation plot¿¡ mapping ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, »ó´ëÀûÀÎ read count¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, °¢°¢ÀÇ sgRNA´Â ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î ¼±º°µÇ¾úÀ½¿¡µµ plot ºÐÆ÷ ³»¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÔÀÌ È®ÀεǾú´Ù (±×¸² 4, Panel C).


±×¸² 4. ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î ¼±º°µÈ °³Ã¼¿¡¼­ Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library SystemÀÇ ÆíÁý È¿À² È®ÀÎ
(Panel A) After transduction of Cas9+ A375 cells with the sgRNA library and hygromycin selection, twenty clones were selected randomly and expanded for analysis.
(Panel B) Genomic DNA was isolated from each clone and analyzed for activity using the Guide-it Mutation Detection Kit. The results of the resolvase assay for 8 representative clones are shown; NTC: non-transduced cells, (+) PCR products treated with Guide-it Resolvase, (-) untreated PCR products.
(Panel C) The sgRNA sequences from the twenty clones were mapped against the correlation plot of the plasmid library and transduced gDNA. The sgRNAs isolated from the randomly-selected clones are marked with orange dots within the correlation plot of all sgRNAs (blue dots)

ÀÌ °³Ã¼µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁý ´É·ÂÀ» Ãß°¡·Î Æò°¡Çϱâ À§ÇØ, Guide-it¢â Indel Identification Kit¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¸ñÀû ¼­¿­À» ÁõÆøÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ÈÄ indelÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. µÎ °³Ã¼¿¡¼­ knockout ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â indel ÆÐÅÏÀÇ ¼­¿­ ºÐ¼® °á°ú¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù (±×¸² 5).

±×¸² 5. Cas9°ú sgRNA¸¦ µµÀÔÇÑ A375 ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ µÎ °³Ã¼¿¡¼­ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ indel ÆÐÅÏ È®ÀÎ

Using the sgRNA library to screen for 6-thioguanine resistance
Purine salvage pathway¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ½ºÅ©¸®´×ÇÏdu ´ç»çÀÇ sgRNA library systemÀÇ È¿À²À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. Selective agent·Î »ç¿ëµÈ 6-thioguanine (6-TG)´Â purine analog·Î½á, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¼¼Æ÷ ³» È°¼º ´ë»ç »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â, DNA¿¡ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© DNA mismatch ¼öº¹ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» È°¼ºÈ­ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼¼Æ÷»ç¸êÀ» À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, HPRT¸¦ knockoutÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­´Â 6-TGÀÇ Ã³¸®¿¡µµ »ýÁ¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Cas9À» ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ³·Àº MOI·Î sgRNA library virus¸¦ °¨¿°½ÃŲ ÈÄ hygromycinÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ Cas9°ú sgRNA¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¹ßÇöÇÏ´Â ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ¼±º°ÇÏ¿© »ýÁ¸ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀ» È®´ë ¹è¾çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ÈÄ, 6-TG¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ ±º°ú, ó¸®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº reference control, µÎ ±ºÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ¹è¾çÇÑ ÈÄ gDNA¸¦ ÃßÃâÇÏ¿© °¢°¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ NGS ºÐ¼®À» ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 6).

±×¸² 6. 6-thioguanine (6-TG)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ ¼±º° °úÁ¤
After transduction of Cas9+ A375 cells with the sgRNA library, hygromycin selection, and expansion, the Cas9+/ sgRNA+ cells were split into two populations. One Cas9+/sgRNA+ cell population was exposed to 6-TG, while the control population was expanded under normal culture conditions without exposure to 6-TG. After expansion of both cell populations, genomic DNA was harvested and prepared for sequencing with the Guide-it CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library NGS Analysis Kit.

6-TG·Î ¼±º°ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâÇÑ gDNA·Î NGS ºÐ¼®À» ÁøÇàÇßÀ» ¶§, ´ëÁ¶±º¿¡ ºñÇØ »ó´ç¼öÀÇ sgRNA°¡ ¼Õ½ÇµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, HPRT À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â sgRNA´Â 4Á¾ ¸ðµÎ ÃÖ´ë 30,000¹è ÀÌ»ó °ú¹ßÇö µÇ¾ú´Ù (±×¸² 7, Panel B). ¶ÇÇÑ, ´ëÁ¶±º¿¡¼­´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ plasmid library¿¡¼­ÀÇ sgRNA representationÀ» º¸¿´´Ù (±×¸² 7, Panel A). Purine ÇÕ¼º °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ HPRT¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÄÚµùµÈ ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±âÁúÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø NUDT5¸¦ Ÿ°ÙÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â 4Á¾ÀÇ sgRNA ¿¡¼­µµ À¯»çÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ °ú¹ßÇöÀÌ È®ÀεǾú´Ù (±×¸² 7, Panel A). Brunello libraryÀÇ °³¹ßÀڷκÎÅÍ ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ °á°ú°¡ º¸°íµÈ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸² 7. 6-TG¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ºÅ©¸®´× ÈÄ ¼¼Æ÷·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃßÃâÇÑ sgRNAÀÇ ÆǺ°°ú ºÐ¼®
(Panel A) sgRNA representation was compared between the original plasmid library population used to prepare lentivirus, and the resulting transduced cell populations (selected and non-selected). All four sgRNAs targeting HPRT (red dots) and NUDT5 (black dots), respectively, were enriched in the 6-TG-selected population (blue dots). Representation of these sgRNAs in the plasmid library (gray) and transduced, unselected population (orange) is also shown.
(Panel B) After selection, sgRNA representation (blue) was shifted in response to 6-TG. Individual sgRNAs that were enriched are highlighted within this correlation (red and orange dots). The inset shows fold-enrichment of the four sgRNAs targeting the HPRT gene as compared to the plasmid library.

Code

Á¦Ç°¸í

¿ë·®

632646

Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library System

5 ȸ

632647

Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library NGS Analysis Kit

10 ȸ

632651

Guide-it¢â CRISPR Genome-Wide Library PCR Kit

20 ȸ

631448

Guide-it¢â Mutation Detection Kit

25 ȸ

631444

Guide-it¢â Indel Identification Kit

10 ȸ



[¿ø¹®] Performing a phenotypic screen using the Guide-it CRISPR Genome-Wide sgRNA Library System
[Âü°í¹®Çå]
- Chen, B. et al. Dynamic Imaging of Genomic Loci in Living Human Cells by an Optimized CRISPR/Cas System. Cell 155, 1479-1491 (2013).
- Doench, J.G. et al. Optimized sgRNA design to maximize activity and minimize off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas9. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 184-191 (2016).
- Doench, J.G. Am I ready for CRISPR? A user's guide to genetic screens. Nat. Rev. Genet. 19, 67-80 (2018).