Plasma-seqÀ» ÅëÇÑ Àü¸³¼±¾Ï biomarker ¿¬±¸
¾ÏÀ» Á¶±â¿¡ ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÏÀÇ ¹ß»ý °úÁ¤À» È®ÀÎÇϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, º¸´Ù ºü¸¥ Ä¡·á¸¦ ÅëÇØ È¯ÀÚÀÇ »ýÁ¸ ¹× »îÀÇ ÁúÀ» Çâ»ó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)´Â »ç¸ê ȤÀº ±«»çµÇ´Â ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ À¯·¡Çϸç, ¾Ç¼º Á¾¾çÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» º¸ÀδÙ. Ç÷ÀåÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®µÈ ctDNA´Â Áø´ÜÀ̳ª Á¾¾çÀÇ Á¶±â ¹ß°ß, ¿¹ÈÄ, ¹«Áúº´»ýÁ¸±â°£ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í Àִ ƯÀÌÀûÀÌ°í ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ¸¶Ä¿¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, Ä¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×¼º°ú È®·üÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡µµ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù, µÎ ¿¬±¸ ±×·ì¿¡¼ ctDNA¿Í plasma-seq ±â¼ú·Î Àü¸³¼± ¾Ï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÙÀÌ¿À ¸¶Ä¿¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°í, ½Å°æÁ¾¿¡ ´ëÇÑ copy number variations (CNVs)°ú DNA fragmentation ÆÐÅÏÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ³í¹®À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Profiling prostate cancer biomarkers
½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ Karolinska InstituteÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ThruPLEX ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) À¯·¡ÀÇ cell-free DNA (cfDNA)¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ³í¹®À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚµéÀº 200¸í ÀÌ»óÀÇ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î, ¹éÇ÷±¸ÀÇ germline DNA¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¾Ï Á¶Á÷ »ý°Ë DNA¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© cfDNA°¡ Àü¸³¼± ¾Ï¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¸¶Ä¿¸¦ °ËÃâÇϴµ¥ ¾ó¸¶³ª È¿°úÀûÀÎÁö¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â Androgen receptor (AR)¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, fourth-line ȯÀÚµé°ú ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§ first-line mCRPC Ä¡·á ȯÀڵ鿡¼ ÇöÀúÈ÷ ³·Àº AR ³» ±¸Á¶Àû º¯ÀÌ¿Í Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ À¯ÀüÀÚ º¯À̸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 1). ¶ÇÇÑ 100 pg - 50 ngÀÇ cfDNA·ÎºÎÅÍ low depth¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ WGS¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í, Ÿ°Ù ºÎÀ§´Â ´õ ³ôÀº depth·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×¸² 1. AR º¯ÀÌ È®ÀÎ
Comprehensive profiling of AR was performed in 275 cell-free DNA samples from 177 mCRPC patients.
(Panel A) The upper part of Panel A displays the circulating tumor DNA fraction. The dashed lines at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.20 denote the cutoffs to reliably detect point mutations, loss of heterozygosity, and homozygous deletions, respectively. The lower part of Panel A displays a heatmap of the mutational landscape detected in the androgen receptor from circulating tumor DNA profiling. Type of alteration is coded according to the bottom legend. For visualization purposes, only samples with an alteration are shown here (126 samples from 89 individuals). Up to two mutations or structural variants (forward and backslashes) are displayed per sample. X-axis: cell-free DNA samples sorted according to the number of alterations detected. Patients with multiple samples are colored in blue. Asterisks indicate samples with microsatellite instability.
(Panel B) The fraction of patients with alterations in the androgen receptor are categorized by type of alteration and line of therapy. Only high-impact mutations, e.g., hotspot mutations, are shown here. Intra-AR structural variation is colored according to the legend in Panel A. The rightmost bar plot represents the fraction of patients with any alteration in the androgen receptor. Abbreviations: mCRPC[number], metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and line of therapy; _B, baseline; Nbr, number of samples profiled. Diagram and caption were adapted from Mayrhofer et al. 2018, and used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Why is this important?
cfDNA´Â ¾Ï Áø´Ü, ¿¹ÈÄ, ¸¶Ä¿ È®Àο¡ ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô È°¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ Ç÷Àå »ùÇ÷κÎÅÍ ÃßÃâµÈ cfDNA´Â Á¶Á÷ »ý°Ë¿¡ ºñÇØ ÈξÀ ´ú ħ½ÀÀûÀÌ°í, Áúº´ÀÇ ÁøÇàÀ» ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Large-scale·Î cfDNA¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¶§, high-throughputÀÇ sequencing ±â¼ú°ú Á¢¸ñ½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ½ÇÇ躰 Â÷À̸¦ ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÏ°í ¹Î°¨µµ¸¦ ³ôÀÏ ¼ö Àֱ⿡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
Discerning glioma CNVs and DNA fragmentation patterns
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ³í¹®¿¡¼´Â ThruPLEX ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ ³·Àº ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ºü¸£°Ô ½Å°æÁ¾ ȯÀÚ¸¦ ½ºÅ©¸®´× ÇÏ´Â ºÐ¼®¹ýÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½Å°æÁ¾Àº ³ú¿Í ô¼ö ³» Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ½Å°æ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â Á¾¾çÀÌ´Ù.
EMBO Molecular Medicine¿¡¼ Ãâ°£ÇÑ °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ³í¹®À» È®ÀÎÇغ¸¸é, Cancer UK ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ³úô¼ö¾× ³» Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â cell-free tumor DNA (cftDNA)·ÎºÎÅÍ CNV¸¦ °ËÃâÇÏ¿©, ³·Àº ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ½Å°æÁ¾À» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î ºÐ¼®À» °³¹ßÇØ ³Â´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº ±×°£ Ç÷Àå ³»¿¡¼ È®ÀÎÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ü´ø ½Å°æÁ¾À» ³úô¼ö¾× ³» cftDNA¸¦ »ùÇ÷ΠÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á somatic copy number alternations (SCNAs)¿Í DNA fragmentation ÆÐÅÏÀ» shallow sequencingÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ´Ù (±×¸² 2).
±×¸² 2. ¾Ï º´±â, cfDNA ³óµµ¿¡ µû¸¥ ³úô¼ö¾× ³»ÀÇ SCNAs °ËÃâ°ú Á¾¾ç°ú CSFÀÇ °ü°è
(Panel A) Heat map summarizing the SCNAs detected by shallow whole genome sequencing of 28 genes of interest in tumor biopsies and CSF from patient G1 (four tumor subparts and one CSF sample). Amplifications are shown in dark blue, deletions are in orange, and copy number neutral regions are in light gray.
(Panel B) Heat map summarizing detection of EGFR and PTEN alterations in tumor tissue and in CSF samples. Shared detection in tissue and CSF is indicated in green, detection of the alteration only in tissue in orange, and non-detection in blue. The top bars indicate the cfDNA concentration (copies/ml; in a range of purples), the size of the tumors (in a range of browns), the type of glioma (in a range of blues), and whether the tumor was in direct contact with the CSF or not (based on MRI, green or red, respectively). Samples are ranked from left to right by decreasing concentration of cfDNA (copies/ml). Diagram and caption were adapted from Mouliere et al. 2018 and used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Why is this important?
ÀÌ ºÐ¼®¹ýÀº sequencing ºñ¿ëÀ̶ó´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Mutation ´ë½Å CNV¿Í DNA fragmentationÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, sequencing depth¸¦ ÇöÀúÈ÷ ³·Ãâ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸£°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ÀûÀº ºñ¿ëÀ¸·Î ½Å·Úµµ ÀÖ´Â ºÐ¼®ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°í, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ È¯ÀÚ·Î ¿¹»óµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¸¸ Ãß°¡·Î ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ sequencingÀ» ÁøÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù ¹æ½ÄÀº ´Ù¸¥ Á¶°ÇÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¾Ï¿¡µµ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î SequencingÀ» ÁøÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºü¸£°í °£´ÜÇÑ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ¼Ò¿ä ½Ã°£°ú sequencing ºñ¿ëÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Future of cftDNA analysis
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ Sequencing ºÐ¼® ±â¼úÀÇ Áøº¸·Î, ħ½ÀÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇÏ¿© ¾ÏÀÇ Áø´ÜÀ̳ª Á¾¾ç ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØ Á³´Ù. ´ÜÀÏ ºÎÀ§ÀÇ »ý°ËÀº ¾×ü »ý°ËÀ¸·Î °ËÃâÇØ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¾¾ç ³» ÀÌÁú¼º (Heterogeneity)À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ëü »ùÇõéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ħ½ÀÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàµÇ´Â Á¶Á÷ »ý°ËÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ »ç¶óÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¾×ü »ý°ËÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡µµ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ThruPLEX¿Í °°Àº ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ThruPLEX ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé, cfDNA ºÐ¼® °úÁ¤À» °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô ÃÖÀûÈÇÏ°í, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ sequencing depth¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ high-throughputÀ¸·Î high-quality Æǵ¶À» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾×ü »ý°ËÀ» ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ë½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
[¿ø¹®] Advancing cancer research with plasma-seq
[Âü°í¹®Çå]
- Mayrhofer, M.
et al., Cell-free DNA profiling of metastatic prostate cancer reveals microsatellite instability, structural rearrangements and clonal hematopoiesis.
Genome Med. 10, (2018).
- Mouliere, F.
et al., Detection of cell-free DNA fragmentation and copy number alterations in cerebrospinal fluid from glioma patients.
EMBO Mol. Med. e9323, (2018).