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[Cancer Research] Cancer biomarker discovery

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EV¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ total RNA-seq

The advantage of the SMARTer¢ç Stranded Total RNA-Seq method is its potential to process low amounts of input material. Indeed, collecting samples is often the bottleneck of fundamental, (pre)clinical and translational research projects and being able to disseminate large amounts of information from only 200 ¥ìL (or less) can substantially impact research progress.


The unrealized potential of cell-free RNA
RNA profilingÀº »ç¶÷ ü¾×À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ biomarker¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °­·ÂÇÑ µµ±¸ÀÌ´Ù. ¾×ü »ý°Ë ºÐ¼®À» À§ÇØ Circulating DNA°¡ °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, Ç÷Àå, ¼Òº¯, extracellular vesicles (EV) ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃßÃâÇÑ extracellular RNA ¶ÇÇÑ Áúº´ »óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯¿ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ü¾×À» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ RNA¸¦ sequencingÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »ùÇà ¾çÀÌ Àû°Å³ª, Á¤·®Çϱ⠾î·Á¿ï Á¤µµ·Î RNA°¡ ¼Õ»óµÇ´Â µîÀ¸·Î ±â¼úÀûÀÎ ÇÑ°è°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
°Ô´Ù°¡, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Cell-free »ùÇÃÀÇ total RNA sequencingÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Àü»çü ºÐ¼®¹ýÀº ªÀº fragment, ¹ßÇö·®ÀÌ ÀûÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ, rRNAÀÇ ¿À¿° µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ºÐ¼® ÇÑ°è°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î, Ghent ´ëÇÐÀÇ À¯Àüü ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿Í Biogazelle, Zwijnaarde (Belgium) ¿¬±¸¿øµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ã¼¾×°ú EV·ÎºÎÅÍ total RNA¸¦ Á¤È®ÇÏ°í, ¹Î°¨µµ ÀÖ°Ô Á¤·®Çϱâ À§ÇØ, SMARTer¢ç Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit - Pico Input Mammalian (Pico v2)·Î strand-specific total RNA library¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ¿© Æò°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

[Putting Pico v2 to the test] Read distribution and sample type
µÎ °ø¿©ÀÚÀÇ platelet-rich plasma in EDTA tube (ePRP), platelet-free plasma in EDTA tube (ePFP)·ÎºÎÅÍ RNA-seqÀ» ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ePRP¿¡¼­´Â 75% ÀÌ»óÀÇ unique reads°¡ mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA)·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡·Î È®ÀÎµÈ ¹Ý¸é, ePFP´Â mtRNA À¯·¡ÀÇ reads°¡ 3¹è Àû¾ú°í, ¸¹Àº reads°¡ nuclear DNA¿¡ mapping µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ç÷Àå ³» Ç÷¼ÒÆÇ À¯¹«¿Í °ü°è¾øÀÌ unmapped reads¿Í multi-mapped readsÀÇ ¼ö´Â ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô È®ÀεǾúÁö¸¸, exonic, intronic, intergenic reads ºÐÆ÷´Â Ç÷Àå ³» Ç÷¼ÒÆÇ À¯¹«¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù (±×¸² 1).
ÇÔ²², º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â À¯¹æ¾Ï ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¹è¾ç ¹èÁö (conditioned medium, CM), °Ç°­ÇÑ ¼¼ ¹ø° °ø¿©ÀÚÀÇ platelet-free plasma in citrate tube (cPFP), Àü¸³¼± ¾Ï ȯÀÚÀÇ ¼Òº¯ »ùÇà ±×¸®°í, °¢ »ùÇà ³» EV¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿°±â¼­¿­À» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. cPFP À¯·¡ EV´Â 7.69%ÀÇ unique reads¸¸ È®ÀÎµÈ ¹Ý¸é CM À¯·¡ EV¿¡´Â 90.2%ÀÇ unique reads°¡ È®ÀεǾúÀ» ¸¸Å­ °¢°¢ÀÇ »ùÇðú EV¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ mapping rate¸¦ º¸¿´´Ù (±×¸² 1, Panal A). °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ùÇÿ¡¼­ È®ÀÎµÈ Unique reads´Â ÁÖ·Î nuclear DNA¿¡ mappingµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, °Ç°­ÇÑ °ø¿©ÀÚÀÇ cPFP´Â 25.8%ÀÇ mtRNA¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 2, Panal B). Intron°ú intergenic reads¸¦ ´Ù¼ö Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â cPFP À¯·¡ EV¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í´Â, nuclear DNA¿¡ mappingµÇ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ reads´Â exon À¯·¡ÀÓÀÌ È®ÀÎ µÇ¾ú´Ù (±×¸² 1, Panal C).
SMARTer¢ç Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit - Pico Input Mammalian (Pico v2)´Â 70 - 400 nt ³»ÀÇ cDNA¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ü¾×À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ strand-specificÇÏ°Ô ¿°±â¼­¿­À» ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °í¾ÈµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ªÀº ±æÀÌÀÇ cDNA¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â Ç÷Àå°ú EV »ùÇÿ¡¼­´Â 90 nt Á¤µµ¿¡¼­, ±× ¿ÜÀÇ »ùÇÿ¡¼­´Â 180 - 190 nt Á¤µµ¿¡¼­ ÇÇÅ©°¡ È®ÀεǾú´Ù. º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â °¢ ü¾×À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ml ´ç Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â RNAÀÇ ¾çÀ» »ó´ë Á¤·®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ePFP¿Í cPFP »ùÇÃÀÇ RNA ¾çÀº ePRP, ¼Òº¯, CM ³» RNAº¸´Ù 17¹è ³·¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, °¢ ü¾× ³» EV¿¡¼­µµ CMº¸´Ù 2,763¹è, ¼Òº¯ »ùÇà º¸´Ù 7.6¹è ´õ ÀûÀº ¾çÀÇ RNA°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, cPFP¿Í ePFP¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâÇÑ EV¿¡¼­ À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼öÀ» ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§, cPFP EV¿¡¼­ ´õ ÀûÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼ö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ, Plasma °Ëü¸¦ äÃëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼ö°¡ ´Þ¶óÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´°í, ½ÇÇè Àû¿ë ½Ã »ùÇà äÃëÁ¶°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÀûÈ­°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÔÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.


±×¸² 1. »ùÇà °£ Library ³» read ºÐÆ÷ Â÷ÀÌ
(Panel A) Percentage of reads assigned as too short to map, uniquely mapping, multi-mapping, or unmapped.
(Panel B) Percentage of reads derived from nuclear RNA, mitochondrial RNA, and ribosomal RNA per sample.
(Panel C) Percentage of the reads originating from nuclear chromosomes derived from exonic, intronic, and intergenic regions per sample. All data was quantified with STAR. Figure used from Everaert et al. 2019 under Creative Commons License 4.0.

[Putting Pico v2 to the test] Reproducibility
SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq ¹æ¹ýÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àΰ£ ü¾×°ú ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃßÃâÇÑ °¢°¢ÀÇ EV·ÎºÎÅÍ full-length RNA-seq¿ë library¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢ ü¾× »ùÇà Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î ÀçÇö¼º ³ôÀº ºÐ¼®ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑÁö È®ÀÎÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù.
ePRP, ePFP »ùÇÃÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹Ýº¹ÇÑ ÈÄ read counts¿¡ ´ëÇÑ scatter plotÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, °¢°¢ÀÇ »ùÇ÷κÎÅÍ ÃßÃâÇÑ RNA¿¡¼­ ÀçÇö¼º ÀÖ´Â °á°ú¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 2).


±×¸² 2. ePRP, ePRP¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®ÇÑ RNA¿¡¼­ ÀçÇö¼º ³ôÀº ºÐ¼® °á°ú È®ÀÎ
ePRP (Panel A) and ePFP (Panel B) replicate correlation with filtered (counts <4, blue) and retained genes (counts ¡Ã4, green) resulted in high Pearson correlation of 0.912 and 0.948, respectively. Figure used from Everaert et al. 2019 under Creative Commons License 4.0.

Biological differences in RNA content among biofluids
º» ³í¹®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â Àΰ£ ü¾×°ú ü¾×¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâÇÑ EV¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ RNA Àü»çü¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© ¾òÀº À¯ÀüÀÚ ¼ö¸¦ ºñ±³Çغ¸¾Ò´Ù (Ç¥ 1). ¼Òº¯°ú ¼Òº¯¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâÇÑ EV¿¡¼­´Â ±²ÀåÈ÷ À¯»çÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ È®ÀεǾúÀ¸³ª, Ç÷Àå°ú Ç÷Àå¿¡¼­ ÃßÃâÇÑ EV¿¡¼­´Â °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ È®ÀεǾú´Ù. º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ Ã¼¾× »ùÇÃÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, EV·Î ÀÎÇØ ¿î¹ÝµÇ°Å³ª ¿î¹ÝµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â RNA molecule¿¡ ´ëÇØ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

Sample

Shared genes

Unique genes

Unique to EV

Conditioned medium

4,891

755

1,853

Urine

>10,000

521

900

cPFP

1,528

7,211

70



[¿ø¹®] Be part of the solution: total RNA-seq from human biofluids and extracellular vesicles
[Âü°í¹®Çå]
- Everaert, C. et al. Performance assessment of total RNA sequencing of human biofluids and extracellular vesicles. Sci. Reps. 9, 17574 (2019).