PCR ¹é¹®¹é´ä!!
Q1. Multiplex PCR ½Ã °¡Àå °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿ä?
Multiplex PCR¿¡¼´Â »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç primer°¡ Ÿ°Ù DNA¿¡ À¯»çÇÑ priming È¿À²À» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼, ÃÖÀû annealing ¿Âµµ°¡ ºñ½ÁÇÑ primer¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ¸¸ç, primer¸¦ µðÀÚÀÎÇÒ ¶§´Â ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ »çÇ×À» ÁÖÀÇ ±í°Ô °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
- Ÿ°Ù DNA ¼¿°úÀÇ »óµ¿¼º
- ±æÀÌ
- GC ÇÔ·®
- ³óµµ
- Primer »óµ¿¼º : primer ³»ºÎ ȤÀº primer °£ÀÇ »óµ¿¼ºÀÌ ¾ø¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù (ƯÈ÷ 3’ ¸»´Ü).
Q2. Nested PCRÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿ä?
Nested PCRÀº PCR È¿À²À» ³ôÀ̱â À§ÇØ re-amplification ´Ü°è¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº ù¹ø° PCR¿¡¼ ÁõÆøµÈ PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î primer (forward-nested (FN) ¶Ç´Â reverse-nested (RN) primer)¸¦ µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ù¹ø° PCRÀÇ primer¿Í ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Nested PCR¿¡¼´Â nested primer¿Í ÇÔ²² ù¹ø° PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ¼Ò·®À» ÁÖÇüÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
À̶§ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ ¼öÀ²À» ³ôÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
- ù¹ø° PCR¿¡¼ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â extra band Á¦°Å
- ù¹ø° PCR¿¡¼ È帮°Å³ª º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼öÁØÀÇ band°¡ °ÇÏ°Ô Çü¼ºµÇµµ·Ï ÁøÇà
Nested PCRÀº ÁÖÇü DNA ¼¿ÀÇ complexity°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³·±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ù¹ø° PCR »ê¹°À» ¸Å¿ì ¼Ò·®¸¸ ÁÖÇüÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ À§ÇØ Ã¹¹ø° PCR »ê¹°À» 1/100·Î Èñ¼®ÇÏ¿© 1 §¡¸¦ nested PCRÀÇ ÁÖÇüÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç PCR cycleÀ» 25~30±îÁö ³·Ãß´Â ¹æ¹ýµµ °í·ÁÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Nested PCRÀÇ ÃÖÀûÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀº ¿©·¯ ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ °ËÅäÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ½À´Ï´Ù.
Q3. Touchdown PCR (TD-PCR)ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ°í, ¾ðÁ¦ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ°¡¿ä?
PCRÀÇ denaturation ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ¸ðµç DNA ºÐÀÚ´Â ´ÜÀÏ °¡´ÚÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ annealing ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ¿Âµµ°¡ ³»·Á°¡¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼¼ Á¾·ùÀÇ duplex°¡ Çü¼ºµË´Ï´Ù.
- Homoduplexes : »óº¸ÀûÀÎ ¼¿À» °¡Áø DNAµéÀÇ °áÇÕ
- Heteroduplexes : ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î »óº¸ÀûÀÎ ¼¿À» °¡Áø DNAµé °£ÀÇ cross-hybridization
- primer¿Í ÁÖÇü °£ÀÇ duplexes
PCRÀÇ Á¤È®µµ¸¦ ³ôÀ̱â À§Çؼ´Â PCR cycleÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ ¿Âµµ¸¦ ³ôÀÌ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ stringency¸¦ ³ô¿© heteroduplex°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Touchdown PCRÀº PCR cycle ¸¶´Ù annealing temperature¸¦ ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Ãç ¹ÝÀÀÀÇ Æ¯À̼ºÀ» ³ôÀÌ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ãʱ⠴ܰèÀÇ annealing ¿Âµµ´Â primerÀÇ T
m °ªº¸´Ù Á¶±Ý ³ô°Ô ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í, ÀÌÈÄ cycleºÎÅÍ ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î primerÀÇ T
m °ªÀ¸·Î °è»êµÈ ¿Âµµ±îÁö annealing ¿Âµµ¸¦ ³·Ãß´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÁøÇàÇÕ´Ï´Ù (Don 1991). ÀÌ·¯¸é PCR Ãʹݿ¡ ´õ ³ôÀº annealing temperature¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ primer¿Í ÁÖÇü °£ÀÇ »óº¸¼ºÀÌ °¡Àå ³ôÀº ÁõÆø»ê¹°À» ÃàÀûÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ÀÌÈÄ cycle¿¡¼ Á¡Á¡ ¿Âµµ¸¦ ³·Ãç ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á priming È¿À²À» ³ô¿© ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÁõÆøµÈ templateÀ» Ãß°¡·Î ÁõÆøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ù 5~10 cycleÀº Á¶±Ý ´õ ³ôÀº annealing ¿Âµµ¿¡¼ ÁøÇàÇÏ°í, Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Âµµ¸¦ ÃÖÀû annealing ¿Âµµ ¶Ç´Â touchdown ¿Âµµ±îÁö ³·Ãß´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î primerÀÇ T
m°ªÀÌ 68¡É¿¡¼ÀÇ Touchdown PCR (TD-PCR)ÀÇ annealing ¿ÂµµÀÇ Ãßõ Á¶°ÇÀº ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.
- 72¡É 5 cycles ÈÄ,
- 70¡É 5 cycles ÈÄ,
- 68¡É 25 cycles
References
Don, R. H.,
et al. 'Touchdown' PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification.
Nucl Acids Res. 19(14):4008 (1991).
Q4.Blunt-end PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ TA-cloningÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÁøÇàÇϳª¿ä?
High fidelity PCR È¿¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ blunt-endÀÇ PCR »ê¹°ÀÌ Çü¼ºµÆ´Ù¸é
Taq polymerase (e.g.
TaKaRa Taq™ (Code R001A))¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ A-tailing ÈÄ TA-cloningÀ» ÁøÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. À̶§, ´ë·«ÀûÀÎ ½ÇÇè¹ýÀº ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.
1. PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ Á¤Á¦ : A-tailing °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÀÌÀü PCR¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÈ polymerase°¡ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì proofreading È°¼ºÀÌ A-overhangÀ» ºÐÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ PCR purification kit ¶Ç´Â phenol extractionÀ» ÅëÇØ DNA¸¦ Á¤Á¦ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
2. Taq DNA polymerase ¹ÝÀÀ¾× Áغñ
|
Final concentration
|
Volume (§¡)
|
Á¤Á¦µÈ PCR »ê¹°
|
0.15~1.5 pmol
|
Varies*
|
dATP (10 mM)
|
0.2 mM
|
1
|
PCR buffer with Mg2+ (x10)
|
1 x (1.5 mM MgCl2)
|
5
|
Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/§¡)
|
1 U
|
0.2
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ddH2O
|
|
to 50 §¡
|
*A-tailingÀº Á¤È®ÇÑ ¾çÀÇ PCR »ê¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ÃÖÀûÀÇ È¿À²À» º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. À̶§, ÃßõÇÏ´Â ¾çÀº PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ 100 bp ´ç 10~100 ng ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â 0.15~1.5 pmolÀÇ PCR »ê¹°°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÕ´Ï´Ù (¾Æ·¡ Ç¥ Âü°í).
PCR »ê¹° Å©±â
|
Ãßõ PCR »ê¹°ÀÇ ¾ç
|
100 bp
|
10~100 ng
|
250 bp
|
25~250 ng
|
1,000 bp
|
100~1,000 ng
|
3. 72¡É¿¡¼ 20ºÐ°£ ¹ÝÀÀ
3’ A-overhangÀº ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³¯¼ö·Ï Á¡Â÷ ºÐÇصDZ⠶§¹®¿¡, ÃÖÀûÀÇ ligation È¿À²À» À§Çؼ´Â A-tailing ÈÄ ¹Ù·Î TA-cloningÀ» ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
* Mighty TA-cloning Reagent Set for PrimeSTAR® (Code 6019)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé PCR productÀÇ A-tailingÀ» À§ÇÑ ½Ã¾àºÎÅÍ TA-cloningÀ» À§ÇÑ vector (pMD20-T vector), cloning (Ligation Mighty Mix) ½Ã¾à±îÁö Á¦Ç°À» ÁغñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Q5. A-overhang ¶Ç´Â blunt endÀÇ PCR »ê¹°À» »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â È¿¼Ò¿¡´Â ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ³ª¿ä?
Polymerase
|
A-overhang
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Blunt end
|
PrimeSTAR® HS DNA Polymerase
|
|
∨
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PrimeSTAR® GXL DNA Polymerase
|
|
∨
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PrimeSTAR® Max DNA Polymerase
|
|
∨
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TaKaRa Taq™ DNA polymerases
|
∨
|
|
TaKaRa EX Taq™ DNA polymerases
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∨
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∨
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TaKaRa LA Taq™ DNA polymerases
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∨
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∨
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Titanium® Taq DNA Polymerase
|
∨
|
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Advantage® 2 Polymerase Mix
|
∨
|
∨
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Advantage® GC 2 Polymerase Mix
|
∨
|
∨
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Advantage® HF 2 Polymerase Mix
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∨
|
∨
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EmeraldAmp® GT PCR Master Mix
|
∨
|
|
SapphireAmp® Fast PCR Master Mix
|
∨
|
∨
|
High Yield PCR EcoDry™ Premix
|
∨
|
|
High Fidelity PCR EcoDry™ Premix
|
∨
|
∨
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Terra™ PCR Direct Polymerase Mix
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∨
|
|
SpeedSTAR™ HS DNA Polymerase
|
∨
|
∨
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CloneAmp™ HiFi PCR Premix
|
|
∨
|
SeqAmp™ DNA Polymeras
|
|
∨
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TaKaRa Z-Taq™ DNA Polymerase
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∨
|
∨
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PerfectShot™ Ex Taq™ (Loading dye mix)
|
∨
|
∨
|
Q6. High fidelity PCR È¿¼Ò°¡ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿ä?
PCR È¿¼Ò¿¡¼ ³ôÀº Á¤È®µµ (high fidelity)´Â ÁÖÇüÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô º¹Á¦ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Proofreading È°¼ºÀ» °¡Áø PCR È¿¼ÒµéÀº 3’->5’ exnuclease È°¼ºÀ» ÅëÇØ À߸øµÈ nucleotide°¡ µé¾î°£ DNA¸¦ ±³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿¡·¯À²ÀÌ ³·Àº Á¤È®ÇÑ PCR »ê¹°À» ÇÕ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
High fidelity PCR È¿¼Ò´Â gene cloning, ´Ü¹éÁú ¹ßÇö, ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿Í ±â´É ¿¬±¸, cDNA library Á¦ÀÛ, NGS µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ ÃßõµË´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÇè¿¡ µû¸¥ Ãßõ PCR È¿¼Ò´Â
½ÇÇ躰 PCR È¿¼Ò ¼±ÅÃÇϱ⿡¼ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Q7. PCR È¿¼Ò °£ÀÇ fidelity´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ºñ±³Çϳª¿ä?
PCR È¿¼ÒÀÇ ¿¡·¯À²Àº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ °¡Àå ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ µÎ°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
- Blue-White screening
PhenotypeÀÇ º¯È¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î PCR È¿¼ÒÀÇ errorÀ²À» ºñ±³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Blue-White screeningÀº phenotypeÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ºü¸£°í °£ÆíÇÏ¸ç °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎÇÒ ÀÖ¾î ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ½ÇÇèÀÔ´Ï´Ù (Kunkel and Tindall 1987).
ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀº lacZα À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ β-galactosidase enzymeÀÌ È°¼ºÈµÇ¸é Ǫ¸¥»öÀÇ colony°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. lacZα À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ PCR »ê¹°À» cloning ÈÄ colony¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é, PCR °úÁ¤¿¡¼ error°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ lacZα À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ °¡Áø colony´Â ÇϾá»öÀ», ¹Ý´ë·Î error°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº lacZα À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ °¡Áø colony´Â Ǫ¸¥»öÀÇ colony°¡ Çü¼ºµË´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ÅëÇØ PCR °úÁ¤¿¡¼ÀÇ errorÀ²À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
- Sequencing approach
Sanger sequencingÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé PCR ÈÄ °¢°¢ÀÇ colony¿¡ errorÀ²À» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Blue-White screeningÀº PCR È¿¼ÒÀÇ Á¤È®µµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì °£´ÜÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌÁö¸¸ silent mutationÀº °¨ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Á÷Á¢ sequencingÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù´Â Á¤È®µµ°¡ ¶³¾îÁý´Ï´Ù. SequencingÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ mutationÀ» ´õ¿í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô °¨ÁöÇÏ¿© PCR °úÁ¤¿¡¼ÀÇ errorÀ²À» ´õ¿í Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
References
Kunkel, T. A. and Tindall, K. R., Fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 27, 6008-6013 (1987).
Q8. ´ÙÄ«¶óÄÚ¸®¾ÆÀÇ high fidelity PCR È¿¼ÒÀÎ PrimeSTAR¢çÀÇ fidelity´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÃøÁ¤µÇ¾ú³ª¿ä?
PrimeSRAR
®ÀÇ fidelity´Â PCR ÈÄ Á¦ÀÛµÈ colonyÀÇ sanger sequencingÀ» ÅëÇØ ÃøÁ¤µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
- Thermus thermophilusHB8 genomic DNA¿¡¼ ÀÓÀÇ·Î 10°³ÀÇ GC-rich regionÀ» ÁõÆø
- PCR »ê¹°À» plasmid¿¡ cloning
- °¢°¢ÀÇ ÁõÆø»ê¹°µé¿¡ ´Ù¼öÀÇ cloneÀ» ¼±º° ÈÄ PCR·Î ÁõÆøµÈ inertÀÇ sequencing.
PrimeSTAR® Max DNA Polymerase (Code R045A)¿Í
PrimeSTAR® GXL DNA Polymerase (Code R050A) µÎ È¿¼ÒÀÇ fidelity¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÑ °á°ú PrimeSTA
R® Max DNA Polymerase´Â
Taq polymeraseÀÇ 29¹èÀÇ fidelity¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í, PrimeSTAR
® GXL DNA Polymerase´Â 6.5¹èÀÇ fidelity¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Q9. InosineÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ primer¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ÁÖÀÇÇÒ »çÇ×Àº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿ä?
InosineÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ primer´Â
TaKaRa Taq™ (Code R001A) ¶Ç´Â
TaKaRa Taq™ hot start version (Code R007A)¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÕ´Ï´Ù. InosineÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ primer¿¡ 3’->5’ exonuclease È°¼ºÀ» °¡Áø PCR È¿¼Ò (e.g. PrimeSTAR
® HS DNA Polymerase, PrimeSTAR
® Max DNA Polymerase, PrimeSTAR
® GXL DNA Polymerase, TaKaRa Ex Premier™ DNA Polymerase,
TaKaRa Ex Taq™ DNA Polymerase,
Takara LA Taq™ DNA polymerases)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ÇöÀúÈ÷ ¶³¾îÁý´Ï´Ù.
´ÙÄ«¶óÄÚ¸®¾Æ¿¡¼´Â degenerated PCRÀ» ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì inosineÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ primer º¸´Ù´Â ¸ñÀûÇÏ´Â À§Ä¡¿¡ A, T, G ¶Ç´Â C ¿°±â¸¦ °¡Áø degenerate primerÀÇ mixture¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÕ´Ï´Ù.